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I.	PREDICTION OF PRECIPITATING WEATHER SYSTEMS
	A.	Mesoscale Predictability
		a.	Ensemble forecasting on the mesoscale
		b.	Verification of mesoscale model forecasts based on mesoscale predictability
		c.	Real-time forecast system
	B.	Life Cycle of Precipitating Weather Systems
		a.	Helicity versus vertical wind shear
		b.	Convective evolution in complex mesoscale environments
			1.	Results from TOGA COARE
			2.	The role of surface boundaries for tornadogenesis
			3.	The effect of convective eddies on supercell organization and strength
			4.	Convective precipitation within Korean frontal systems
			5.	Lifting at a boundary layer convergence line
		c.	Supercell storms
			1.	The impact of supercell storms on their local environment
			2.	The prediction of supercell motion
			3.	The dependence of supercell potential on buoyancy/shear stratification
		d.	Gravity-wave processes within three-dimensional convective systems
		e.	Orographic effects
		f.	Long-time-scale dynamics of mesoscale convective systems
	C.	Mesoscale Data Assimilation
		a.	Assimilation GPS/MET observations
		b.	Development and community support of the MM5 4D-VAR system
		c.	Development of MM5 3D-VAR system
		d.	Optimal use of existing observations and the potential benefits of new observing systems
		e.	Optimal strategies for obtaining targeted observations in data-sparse regions
		f.	Assimilation studies for the DOE/ARM program
		g.	Convective scale data assimilation and storm forecasting
			1.	Further development of variational Doppler radar analysis system for operational implementation
			2.	4D-VAR data assimilation and forecast of Buffalo Creek storm
		h.	Retrieval of large eddy coherent structures in PBL
	D.	High-resolution Weather Research and Forecast Model Development
		a.	Comparison of numerical methods
		b.	Code structure
		c.	Other external collaborations
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II.	MESOSCALE AND MICROSCALE PROCESSES AND IMPACTS
	A.	Oceanic Cloud Systems and Atmosphere-Ocean Coupling Down to Fine Scales
		a.	Precipitating convective cloud systems
			1.	Cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations
			2.	Fine structure of cloud clusters within the intraseasonal oscillation
			3.	On the temperature and moisture biases in CRMs and SCMs
			4.	Scale decomposition using wavelet analysis
		b.	Surface fluxes over the ocean
			1.	Surface energy budget and ocean response
			2.	DMS emission over the tropical Pacific
			3.	Boundary layer response to oceanic upwelling and precipitation fallout
		c.	Marine stratocumulus
			1.	Entrainment-rate formula for buoyancy-driven cloud-topped PBL
	B.	Surface-Atmosphere Coupling at Small Scales
		a.	Diurnal cycle of the planetary boundary layer and convective cloud systems over land
		b.	Coastal and island effects
			1.	Convection initiated over tropical islands in the maritime continent
			2.	Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment (MCTEX)
			3.	Effect of shear on convection initiation
		c.	Using bulk formulae for flux estimation over land
		d.	Ozone deposition velocity
		e.	Nocturnal transport of carbon dioxide
		f.	Southern Great Plains Experiment - 1997
		g.	Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow over a wavy surface
		h.	CASES-97
		i.	Air-sea interactions over the coastal shoaling zone
	C.	Microphysics, Radiation, and Cloud Systems
		a.	Basic cloud physics
		b.	Cirrus clouds
	D.	Parameterization
		a.	Boundary layer parameterizations in the CSM
		b.	Cloud-resolving convection parameterization (CRCP)
		c.	Momentum transport by convection in cold air outbreaks
		d.	A hierarchical approach to parameterizing organized convection
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III.	SMALLER RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN MESOSCALE AND MICROSCALE METEOROLOGY
	A.	Ice Microphysics Research
		a.	Development of physically based ice parameterization
		b.	Ice hydrate studies
		c.	Ice Microphysics Initiative
		d.	TRMM ground validation projects
	B.	Wildfire Research
		a.	Numerical experiments
			1.	Fire behavior
		b.	Infrared imagery analysis
		c.	Instrument development
	C.	Geophysical Turbulence Research
		a.	Entrainment in clear convective planetary layers
		b.	Entrainment in strongly capped PBLs: Sensitivity to resolution and sub-grid scale turbulence parameterization
		c.	Stably stratified PBL studies
		d.	Lagrangian modeling of one- and two-particle dispersion using LES
		e.	DNS turbulence studies
		f.	LES turbulence studies
		g.	Vortex tubes
		h.	Gravity wave turbulence
			1.	Two-layer stratified flows past the Alps
			2.	Gravity wave breaking in the middle atmosphere
			3.	Intercomparison of model predicted wave breaking
	D.	Chemistry, Aerosols, and Dynamics Interactions Research
		a.	LES and chemistry
		b.	Coupled chemistry/MM5 modeling
		c.	Effects of deep convection on tropospheric chemistry - STERAO
			1.	Lightning evolution and relationship to storm structure
			2.	Storm simulations
			3.	Observed spikes of NO and lightning source strengths
			4.	Effects of aqueous chemistry
			5.	Photolysis rates in the storms
		d.	Tropospheric aerosol studies
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IV.	OTHER RESEARCH RELATED TO MESOSCALE AND MICROSCALE METEOROLOGY
	A.	Warm Cloud Studies
		a.	Early echo development
		b.	Extent of adiabatic regions
		c.	Influence of ultra-giant nuclei
	B.	Coastal Meteorology
		a.	Coastally trapped disturbances
		b.	The Catalina eddy
		c.	Fog modeling
	C.	Baroclinic Waves
		a.	Topographic effects
		b.	Higher-order corrections to quasi-geostrophic theory
	D.	Measurement Techniques
		a.	Measuring entrainment, divergence, and vorticity
		b.	Using lidar measurements for probing the PBL
		c.	Calibration of radars using LES flow fields
	E.	Model Development
		a.	Forward-in-time differencing for a shallow fluid on the sphere
		b.	Compatible momentum transport
		c.	High performance computing for atmospheric flows
		d.	MPDATA: A finite-difference algorithm of geophysical flows
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V.	DIVISION COMMUNITY SERVICE AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
	A.	Community Services
		a.	Community models
			1.	New Developments in MM5 Pre-Processing Programs
			2.	New Land-Surface Model for MM5
			3.	DMP Version of MM5
			4.	User Support
		b.	Data Analysis Software Support
		c.	Visitor Program
		d.	Collaborative Visits to Universities
		e.	Workshops and Colloquia
		f.	Field Campaigns
		g.	USWRP Office of the Lead Scientist
		h.	Staff Contributions
			1.	Editorships of Peer-Reviewed Journals
			2.	External Scientific, Policy or Educational Committees or Advisory Panels
			3.	Honors and Awards
	B.	Educational Activities
		a.	Collaboration with Colleges & Universities
			1.	Teaching Arrangements
			2.	Graduate Research Advisors
			3.	Thesis Committee Members
		b.	Participation in UCAR/NCAR/UOP Programs
			1.	Project LEARN (Laboratory Experience in Atmospheric Research)
			2.	SOARS (Significant Opportunities in Atmospheric Research and Science)
			3.	COMET (Cooperative Program for Operational Meteorology, Education and Training)
		c.	Non-Technical and Educational Outreach
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VI.	DIVISION COMPUTING AND ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES
	A.	Division Computing
	B.	Administrative Services
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VII.	PUBLICATIONS
	A.	Refereed
	B.	Non-refereed
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VIII.	STAFF, VISITORS AND COLLABORATORS
	A.	MMM Staff, FY 1998
	B.	MMM Visitors and Collaborators, FY 1998

Table of Contents	Director's Message
Significant Accomplishments	FY 98 Publications
Community and Educational Activities	Staff, Vistors & Collaborators