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GEWEX Cloud System Study - Working Group 4 Publications - Alphabetic order |
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WG 4 and related Publications Please send additions to this list to Wojtek
Grabowski. Andronache, C., L. J. Donner, C. J. Seman, V. Ramaswamy, and R. S. Hemler, 1999: Atmospheric sulfur and deep convective clouds in tropical Pacific: A model study. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4005-4024. Bechtold, P., Bazile, E., Guichard, F., Mascart, P., and Richard, E., 2001: A mass flux convection scheme for regional and global models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 869-886. Bechtold, P., J.L. Redelsperger, I. Beau, M. Blackburn, S. Brinkop, J.Y. Grandpeix, A.Grant, D. Gregory, F. Guichard, C. Hoff, and E. Ioannidou, 2000: A GCSS model intercomparison for a tropical squall line observed during TOGA-COARE. II: Intercomparison of single-column models and a cloud-resolving model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.Soc., 126, 865-888. Browning, K. A., 1994: GEWEX cloud system study (GCSS) science plan. IGPO Publication Series, No. 11. Caniaux, G., J.-L. Redelsperger, and J.-P. Lafore, 1994 A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part I. General description, and water and heat budgets. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2046-2074. Caniaux, G., J.-P. Lafore, and J.-L. Redelsperger, 1995: A numerical study of the stratiform region of a fast-moving squall line. Part II: Relationship between mass, pressure and momentum fields. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 52, 331-352. Diongue, A., J.P. Lafore, J.L. Redelsperger and R. Roca, 2002: Numerical study of a sahelian synoptic weather system: Interactions between cloud and synoptic scales. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 1899-1927. Donner, L. J., C. J. Seman, and R. S. Hemler, 1999: Three-dimensional cloud-system modeling of GATE convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1885-1912. Fu, Q., S. K. Krueger, and K. N. Liou, 1995: Interactions of radiation and convection in simulated tropical cloud clusters. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1310-1328. Grabowski, W. W., 2003: MJO-like coherent structures: Sensitivity simulations using the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP). J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 847-864. Grabowski, W. W., 2002: Large-scale organization of moist convection in idealized aquaplanet simulations. Int. J. Numer. Methods in Fluids, 39, 843-853. Grabowski, W. W., 2001: Coupling cloud processes with the large-scale dynamics using the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP). J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 978-997. Grabowski, W. W., 1999: A parameterization of cloud microphysics for long-term cloud-resolving modeling of tropical convection. Atmos. Res., 52, 17-41. Grabowski, W. W., 1998: Toward cloud resolving modeling of large-scale tropical circulations: A simple cloud microphysics parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3283-3298. Grabowski, W. W., J.-I. Yano, and M. W. Moncrieff, 2000: Cloud-resolving modeling of tropical circulations driven by large-scale SST gradients. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2022-2039. Grabowski, W.~W., M. W. Moncrieff, and J.~T.~Kiehl, 1996a: Long-term behavior of precipitating tropical cloud systems: A numerical study. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 122, 1019-1042. Grabowski, W. W., and M. W. Moncrieff, 2001: Large-scale organization of tropical convection in two-dimensional explicit numerical simulations. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 127, 445-468. Grabowski, W. W., and M. W. Moncrieff, 2002: Large-scale organization of tropical convection in two-dimensional explicit numerical simulations: Effects of interactive radiation. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 128, 2349-2375. Grabowski, W. W., and P. K. Smolarkiewicz, 1999: CRCP: A Cloud Resolving Convection Parameterization for Modeling the Tropical Convecting Atmosphere. Physica D, 133, 171-178. Grabowski, W. W., X. Wu, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1996: Cloud-resolving model of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part I: Two-dimensional experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3684-3709. Grabowski, W. W., X. Wu, M. W. Moncrieff, and W. D. Hall, 1998: Cloud resolving modeling of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part II: Effects of resolution and the third spatial dimension. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3264-3282. Grabowski, W. W., X. Wu, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1999: Cloud resolving modeling of tropical cloud systems during Phase III of GATE. Part III: Effects of microphysical parameterizations. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2384-2402. Gregory, D. and F. Guichard, 2002: Aspects of the parametrization of organized convection: contrasting cloud resolving model and single column realizations, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 128, 625-646. Gregory, D., and F. Guichard, 2000: Aspects of the parametrization of organized convection: contrasting cloud resolving model and single column realizations. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.,submitted October 2000. Gregory, D., and M. J. Miller, 1989: A numerical study of the parameterization of deep tropical convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 115, 1209-1241. GCSS Science Team, 1993: The GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 387-399. Ghan, S., D. A. Randall, K.-M. Xu, R. Cederwall, D. Cripe, J. Hack, S. Iacobellis, S. Klein, S. K. Krueger, U. Lohmann, J. Pedretti, A. Robock, L. Rotstayn, R. Somerville, G. Stenchikov, Y. Sud, G. Walker, S. Xie, J. Yio, M. Zhang, 1999: An intercomparison of single column model simulations of summertime midlatitude continental convection. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2091-2124. Guichard, F., J.-L. Redelsperger and J.-P. Lafore, 2000: Cloud-resolving simulation of convective activity during TOGA-COARE: sensitivity to sources of uncertainties. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 3067-3096. Guichard, F., J.-L. Redelsperger, and J.-P. Lafore, 1996: The behaviour of a cloud ensemble in response to external forcings. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1043-1073. Guichard, F., J.-P. Lafore, and J.-L. Redelsperger, 1997: Thermodynamical impact and internal structure of a tropical convective cloud system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 2297-2324. Held, I. M., R. S. Hemler, and V. Ramaswamy, 1993: Radiative-convective equilibrium with explicit two-dimensional moist convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3909-3927. Islam, S., R. L. Bras, and K. A. Emanuel, 1993: Predictability of mesoscale rainfall in the Tropics. J. Appl. Meteor., 32, 297-310. Jabouille, P., J.-L. Redelsperger, and L.-P. Lafore, 1996: Modification of surface fluxes by atmospheric convection in the TOGA COARE region. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 816-837. Kershaw, R., and D. Gregory, 1997: Parametrization of momentum transport by convection. I. Theory and cloud modelling results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 1133-1151. Krueger, S. K., 1988: Numerical simulation of tropical cumulus clouds and their interaction with the subcloud layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2221-2250. Krueger, S. K., 1997: A GCSS Intercomparison of Cloud-Resolving Models based on TOGA COARE Observations. Proceedings of the ECMWF/GCSS Workshop on New Insights and Approaches to Convective Parameterization, Reading, England, U.K., ECMWF, 113-127. Krueger, S. K., and A. Bergeron, 1994: Modeling the trade cumulus boundary layer. Atmos. Res., 33,169-192. Krueger, S. K., G. T. McLean, and Q. Fu, 1995: Numerical simulation of the stratus-to-cumulus transition in the subtropical marine boundary layer. Part I: Boundary-layer structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2839-2850. Krueger, S. K., G. T. McLean, and Q. Fu, 1995: Numerical simulation of the stratus-to-cumulus transition in the subtropical marine boundary layer. Part II: Boundary-layer circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2851-2868. Krueger, S. K., Q. Fu, K. N. Liou, and H.-N. Chin, 1995: Improvements of an ice-phase microphysics parameterization for use in numerical simulations of tropical convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 34, 281-287. Krueger, S. K., and S. M. Lazarus, 1998: Intercomparison of multi-day simulations of convection during TOGA COARE with several cloud-resolving and single-column models. Proceedings of the Eighth Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Science Team Meeting, Tucson, Arizona , DOE, 391-397. Krueger, S. K., and S. M. Lazarus, 1999: Intercomparison of multi-day simulations of convection during TOGA COARE with several cloud-resolving and single-column models. Preprints, 23rd Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Dallas, TX, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 643-647. Lac, C., J.P. Lafore and J.L. Redelsperger, 2002: Role of gravity waves in triggering deep convection during TOGA-COARE. J. Atmos. Sci.,59, 1293-1316. Lafore, J.-P., J.-L. Redelsperger, and G. Jaubert, 1988: Comparison between a three-dimensional simulation and Doppler radar data of a tropical squall line: transports of mass, momentum, heat, and moisture. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 3483-3500. Lau, K.-M., C.-H. Sui, M.-D. Chou, and W.-K. Tao, 1994: An inquiry into the cirrus-cloud thermostat effect for tropical sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Lett., 21, 1157-1160. Lau, K.-M., C.-H. Sui, and W.-K. Tao, 1993: A preliminary study of the tropical water cycle and its sensitivity to surface warming. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 73, 1313-1321. Li, X., C.-H. Sui, K.-M. Lau, and M.-D. Chou, 1999: Large-scale forcing and cloud radiation interaction in the tropical deep convective regime. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3028-3042. Lin, C., 1999: Some bulk properties of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cloud-resolving model. Part I: Cloud root properties. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3724-3735. Lin, C., 1999: Some bulk properties of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cloud-resolving model. Part II: Entrainment profiles. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3736-3748. Lin, C., and A. Arakawa, 1997: The macroscopic entrainment processes of simulated cumulus ensemble. Part I: Entrainment sources. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1027-1043. Lin, C., and A. Arakawa, 1997: The macroscopic entrainment processes of simulated cumulus ensemble. Part II: Testing the entraining-plume model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1044-1053. Lipps, F. B., and R. S. Hemler, 1992: On the downward transfer of tritium to the ocean by a cloud model. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 12889-12900. Lipps, F. B., and R. S. Hemler, 1991: Numerical modeling of a midlatitude squall line: Features of the convection and vertical momentum flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1909-1929 Lipps, F. B., and R. S. Hemler, 1986: Numerical simulation of deep tropical convection associated with large-scale convergence. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1796- 1816. Liu, C., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: A numerical study of the diurnal cycle of tropical oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2329-2344. Liu, S., and S. K. Krueger, 1998: Numerical simulations of altocumulus using a cloud resolving model and a mixed layer model. Atmos. Res., 47-48, 461-474. Lu, R., C. Lin, R. Turco, and A. Arakawa, 2000: Cumulus transport of chemical tracers. Part I: Cloud-resolving model simulations. J. Geophys. Res. PAGE NUMBERS Luo, Y., S. K. Krueger, G. G. Mace, and K.-M. Xu, 2003: Cirrus cloud properties from a cloud-resolving model simulation compared to cloud radar observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 610-525. Lynn, B. H., W.-K. Tao, and P. Wetzel, 1998: A study of landscape generated deep moist convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 928-942. Lynn, B. H., W.-K. Tao, and F. Abramopoulos, 2001: A parameterization for the triggering of landscape generated moist convection, Part I: Analyses of high resolution model results, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 575-592. Lynn, B. H., and W.-K. Tao, 2001: A parameterization for the triggering of landscape-generated moist convection. Part II: Zero-Order and First-Order Closure. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 593-607. Mapes, B., and X. Wu., 2001: Convective eddy momentum tendencies in long cloud-resolving model simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 517-526. McCumber, M., W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson, R. Penc, and S.-T. Soong, 1991: Comparison of ice-phase microphysical parameterization schemes using numerical simulations of tropical convection. J. Appl. Meteor., 30, 985-1004. Moncrieff, M. W., S. K. Krueger, D. Gregory, J.-L. Redelsperger, and W.-K. Tao, 1997: GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS) Working Group 4: Precipitating Convective Cloud Systems. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 78, 831-845.[Abstract] [Print Version] Nakajima, K., and T. Matsuno, 1988: Numerical experiments concerning the origin of cloud clusters in the tropical atmosphere. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 66, 309-329. Ogura, Y., and J.-Y. Jiang, 1985: A modeling study of heating and drying effects of convective clouds in an extratropical mesoscale convective system. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 2478-2492. Randall, D. A., K.-M. Xu, R. C. J. Somerville, and S. Iacobellis, 1996: Single-column models and cloud ensemble models as links between observations and climate models. J. Climate, 9, 1683-1697. Randall, D. A., Q. Hu, K.-M. Xu, and S. K. Krueger, 1994: Radiative-convective disequilibrium. Atmos. Res., 31, 315-327. Redelsperger, J.L., D. Parsons and F. Guichard, 2002: Recovery processes and factors limiting cloud-top height following the arrival of a dry air intrusion observed during TOGA-COARE. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 2438-2457. Redelsperger, J.L., F. Guichard, and S. Mondon, 2000: A parameterization of mesoscale enhancement of surface fluxes for large scale models. J. Climate, 13, 402-421. Redelsperger, J.-L., and J.-P. Lafore, 1988: A three-dimensional simulation of a tropical squall line: convective organization and thermodynamic vertical transport. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1334-1356. Redelsperger, J. L., P.R.A. Brown, F. Guichard, C. Hoff, M. Kawasima, S. Lang, Th. Montmerle, K. Nakamura, K. Saito, C. Seman, W.K. Tao, and L.J. Donner., 2000: A GCSS model intercomparison for a tropical squall line observed during TOGA-COARE. I: Cloud-resolving models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.Soc.,126, 823-864. Robe, F. R., and K. A. Emanuel, 1996: Moist convective scaling: Some inferences from three-dimensional cloud ensemble simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3265-3275. Simpson, J., and W.-K. Tao, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part II: Applications for studying cloud precipitating processes and for NASA TRMM. Terr. Atmos. Oce. Sci., 3, 73-116. Soong, S.-T., and W.-K. Tao, 1984: A numerical study of the vertical transport of momentum in a tropical rainband. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1049-1061. Soong, S.-T., and W.-K. Tao, 1980: Response of tropical cumulus clouds to mesoscale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2016-2034. Soong, S.-T., and Y. Ogura, 1980: Response of tradewind cumuli to large-scale processes. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2035-2050. Su, H., S. S. Chen, and C. S. Bretherton, 1999: Three-dimensional week-long simulations of TOGA COARE convective systems using the MM5 mesoscale model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2326-2344. Sui, C.-H., X. Li, and K.-M. Lau, 1998: Radiative-convective processes in simulated diurnal variation of tropical oceanic convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2345-2357. Sui, C.-H., K.-M. Lau, W.-K. Tao, and J. Simpson, 1994: The tropical water and energy cycles in a cumulus ensemble model. Part I: Equilibrium climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 711-728. Swann, H., 1998: Sensitivity to the representation of precipitating ice in CRM simulations of deep convection. Atmos. Res., 47-48, 415-435. Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, S. Lang, J. Scala, B. Ferrier, M.-D. Chou, and K. Pickering, 1993: Heating, moisture and water budgets of tropical and mid-latitude squall lines: Comparisons and sensitivity to longwave radiation. J. Atmos. Sci. 50, 673-690. Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, C.-L. Shie, B. Zhou, K.-M. Lau, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1999: Equilibrium states simulated by cloud-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci. 56, 3128-3139. Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, and S.-T. Soong, 1987: Statistical properties of a cloud ensemble: A numerical study. J. Atmos. Sci. 44, 3175-3187. Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1984: Cloud interactions and merging: Numerical simulations. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2901-2917. Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1989: A further study of cloud interactions and merging: Three-dimensional simulations with trajectory analyses. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 2974-3004. Tao, W.-K., and J. Simpson, 1993: The Goddard Cumulus Ensemble Model. Part I: Model description. Terr. Atmos. Oce. Sci., 3, 35-72. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, and R. F. Adler, 1993: Retrieval algorithms for estimating the vertical profiles of latent heat release: Their application to TRMM. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 685-700. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, C.-H. Sui, B. Ferrier, and M.-D. Chou, 1996: Mechanisms of cloud-radiation interaction in the Tropics and midlatitudes. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 2624-2651. Tao, W.-K., S. Lang, J. Simpson, D. Johnson, B. Ferrier, W. S. Olson, C. Kummerow, and R. Adler, 1999: Retrieval vertical profiles of latent heat release for TOGA COARE convective systems using cloud model, SSM/I, and radar derived rainfall information. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, PAGE NUMBERS Tao, W.-K., and S.-T. Soong, 1986: A study of the response of deep tropical clouds to mesoscale processes: Three-dimensional numerical experiments. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 2653-2676. Tompkins, A. M., and G. C. Craig, 1998: Radiative-convective equilibrium in a three-dimensional cloud ensemble model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 2073-2097. Tompkins, A. M., and G. C. Craig, 1998: Timescales of adjustment to radiative-convective equilibrium in the tropical atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 2693-2713. Tompkins, A. M., and G. C. Craig, 1999: Sensitivity of tropical convection to sea surface temperature in the absence of large-scale flow. J. Climate, 12, 462-476 Tompkins, A. M., and K. A. Emanuel, 2000: The vertical resolution sensitivity of simulated equilibrium temperature and water vapor profiles. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., ADD PAGE NUMBERS Wu, X., 2002: Effects of ice microphysics on tropical radiative-convective-oceanic quasi-equilibrium states. J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1885-1897. Wu, X., and M. A. LeMone, 1999: Fine structure of cloud patterns within the intraseasonal oscillation during TOGA COARE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2503-2513. Wu, X., and M. W. Moncrieff, 2001: Long-term behavior of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part III: Effects on the energy budget and SST. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1155-1168. Wu, X., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1999: Effects of sea surface temperature and large-scale dynamics on the thermodynamic equilibrium state and convection over the tropical western Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 6093-6100. Wu, X., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1996: Collective effects of organized convection and their approximation in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1477-1495. Wu, X., and M. W. Moncrieff, 2001: Sensitivity of single-column model solutions to convective parameterizations and initial conditions. J. Climate, 12, 2563-2582. Wu, X., and M. W. Moncrieff, 1996: Collective effects of organized convection and their approximation in general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 1477-1495. Wu, X., W. D. Hall, W. W. Grabowski, M. W. Moncrieff, W. D. Collins, and J. T. Kiehl, 1999: Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part II: Effects of ice microphsics on cloud-radiation interaction. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3177-3195. Wu, X., W. W. Grabowski, and M. W. Moncrieff, 1998: Long-term evolution of cloud systems in TOGA COARE and their interactions with radiative and surface processes. Part I: Two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 2693-2714. Xie, S.-C., K.-M. Xu, R. T. Cederwall, P. Bechtold,
A. D. Del Genio, S. A. Klein , D. G. Cripe, S. J. Ghan, D. Gregory,
S. F. Iacobellis, Xu, K.-M., 1995: Partitioning mass, heat and moisture budgets of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles into convective and stratiform components. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 551-573. Xu, K.-M. 1994: A statistical analysis of the dependency of closure assumptions in cumulus parameterization on the horizontal resolution. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 3674-3691. Xu, K.-M., 1993: Cumulus ensemble simulation. In The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models. Kerry A. Emanuel and David J. Raymond, Eds., Meteor. Monogr. Vol. 24, No. 46, 221-235. Xu, K.-M., and A. Arakawa, 1992: Semi-prognostic tests of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization using simulated data. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2421-2436. Xu, K.-M., A. Arakawa, and S. K. Krueger, 1992: The macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles simulated by a cumulus ensemble model. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2402-2420. Xu, K.-M., and D.A. Randall, 1998: Influence of large-scale advective cooling and moistening effects on the quasi-equilibrium behavior of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 896-909. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1999: A sensitivity study of radiative-convective equilibrium in the Tropics with a convection-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 3385-3399. Xu, K.-M., S. K. Krueger, D. A. Randall, and S. Xie, 2003: Comparison of cloud-resolving model with single-column model simulations of summertime midlatitude convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. (submitted) Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 2001: Updraft and downdraft statistics of simulated tropical and midlatitude cumulus convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 1630-1649. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 2001: Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data: Budgets of a composite easterly wave. Q. J. Roy Meteor. Soc., 127, 1571-1591. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 2000: Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles in midlatitude: Comparison with ARM observations. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 2839-2858. Xu, K.-M, and D. A. Randall, 1999: A sensitivity study of radiative-convective equilibrium in the Tropics with a convection-resolving model. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 3385-3399. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1998: Influence of large-scale advective cooling and moistening effects on the quasi-equilibrium behavior of explicitly simulated cumulus ensembles. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 896-909. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall, 1996: Explicit simulation of cumulus ensembles with the GATE Phase III data: Comparison with observation. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3710-3736. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall 1996: A semiempirical cloudiness parameterizations for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3084-3102. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall 1996: Evaluation of statistically based cloudiness parameterizations used in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 3103-3119. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall 1995: Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part I: Sensitivity tests J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 785-799. Xu, K.-M., and D. A. Randall 1995: Impact of interactive radiative transfer on the macroscopic behavior of cumulus ensembles. Part II: Mechanisms for cloud-radiation interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 800-817. Xu, K.-M., R. T. Cederwall, L. J. Donner, W. W. Grabowski, F. Guichard, D. E. Johnson, M. Khairoutdinov, S. K. Krueger, J. C. Petch, D. A. Randall, C. J. Seman, W.-K. Tao, D. Wang, S. C. Xie, J. J. Yio, and M.-H. Zhang, 2001: An Intercomparison of Cloud-Resolving Models with the ARM Summer 1997 IOP Data. Accepted by Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, October 2001. Xu, K.-M., and S. K. Krueger, 1991: Evaluation of cloudiness parameterization using a cumulus ensemble model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 119, 342-367. Yamasaki, M., 1975: A numerical experiment of the interaction between cumulus convection and larger-scale motion. Pap. Meteor. Geophys., 26, 63-91.
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