III. PHYSICS INTERFACE - A THREE-LEVEL PHYSICS STRUCTURE
IV. IMPLEMENTING A NEW PHYSICS SCHEME
(a) Kessler (kesslerscheme) [module_mp_kessler.F]Kessler scheme (Kessler 1969), which was taken from COMMAS, is a simple warm cloud scheme, and it includes water vapor, cloud water, and rain. The microphysical processes included are: the production, fall and evaporation of rain, the accretion and autoconversion of cloud water, and the production of cloud water from condensation.
(b) Purdue Lin scheme (linscheme) [module_mp_lin.F]Six classes of hydrometeos are included : water vapor, cloud water, rain, cloud ice, snow, and graupel. All parameterization production terms are based on Lin et al. (1983) and Rutledge and Hobbs (1984) with some modifications, including saturation adjustment following Tao (1989) and ice sedimentation. This is a relatively sophisticated microphysics scheme in WRF, and it is more suitable for use in research studies. The scheme is taken from Purdue cloud model and the details can be found in Chen and Sun (2002).
(c) NCEP simple ice (ncepcloud3) [module_mp_ncloud3.F]This scheme follows Hong et al. (1998) with some modification, now including the ice sedimentation effect. Three categories of hydrometers are included: vapor, cloud water/ice, and rain/snow. The cloud ice and cloud water are counted as the same category, and they are distinguished by temperature, namely cloud ice can only exist when the temperature is less than or equal to freezing point, otherwise cloud water can exist. The same condition is applied to rain and snow. Though the ice phase is included, it is considered simple enough for using in operational models.
(d) NCEP mixed phase (ncepcloud5) [module_mp_ncloud5.F]This scheme is similar to NCEP simple ice scheme. However, rain and snow (cloud ice and cloud water) are in different categories. It allows supercooled water to exist, and gradual melting of snow as it falls. Ice sedimentation is now included. Details can be found in Hong et al. (1998).
(e) Eta microphysics (etampscheme) [module_mp_eta.F]The scheme explicitly predicts the cloud water/ice mixing ratio as described in Zhao and Carr (1997). Liquid and frozen precipitation are derived diagnostically from the cloud mixing ratio and are assumed to fall to the ground in a single time step. This scheme is implemented to conduct tests with old Eta model. (This paragraph was provided by Tom Black.)
(f)
2.2
Convective schemes
(a) New Kain-Fritsch (kfetascheme) [module_cu_kfeta.F]
The modified version of the Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF-Eta) is based on Kain and Fritsch (1990, 1993), but has been modified based on testing within the Eta model. As with the original KF scheme, it utilizes a simple cloud model with moist updrafts and downdrafts, including the effects of detrainment, entrainment, and relatively crude microphysics. It differs from the original KF scheme in the following ways:
(This paragraph is provided by Jack Kain.)A minimum entrainment rate is imposed to suppress widespread convection in marginally unstable, relatively dry environments Shallow (non precipitating) convection is allowed for any updraft that does not reach minimum cloud depth for precipitating clouds; this minimum depth varies as a function of cloud-base temperature. Entrainment rate is allowed to vary as a function of low-level convergence. Downdraft changes: source layer is entire 150 - 200 mb deep layer just above cloud base. mass flux is specified as a fraction of updraft mass flux at cloud base; fraction is a function of source layer RH rather than wind shear or other parameters, i.e., old precipitation efficiency relationship not used. detrainment is specified to occur in updraft source layer and below. (b) Bett-Miller-Janjic (bmjscheme) [module_cu_bmj.F]
The scheme is based on the Betts-Miller convective adjustment scheme (Betts 1986; Betts and Miller 1986). Primary modifications were made by Janjic (1990, 1994, 2000) including the introduction of "cloud efficiency" to provide an additional degree of freedom in determining target profiles of heat and moisture. Shallow convective adjustment is an important part of the parameterization. (This paragraph was provided by Tom Black.)
(c) Kain-Fritsch (kfscheme) [module_cu_kf.F]The Kain-Fritsch scheme (Kain and Fritsch 1990, 1993) is taken from the MM5 model, and a simple cloud model, which includes detrainment, entrainment, updraft, and downdraft, is incorporated into this scheme. This version only includes deep convection. This scheme is implemented to conduct tests with old Eta model.
(a) RRTM (rrtmscheme) [module_ra_rrtm.FThis RRTM, which is taken from MM5, is based on Mlawer et al. (1997), and it is a spectral-band scheme using the correlated-k method. It uses pre-set tables to accurately represent longwave processes due to water vapor, ozone, CO2, and trace gases (if present) as well as accounting for cloud optical depth.
(b) ETA GFDL long wave (gfdllwscheme) [module_ra_gfdleta.F]This longwave radiation is from GFDL. It follows the simplified exchange method of Fels and Schwarzkopf (1975) and Schwarzkopf and Fels (1991), with calculation over spectral bands associated with carbon dioxide, water vapor, and ozone. Schwarzkopf and Fels (1985) transmission coefficients for carbon dioxide, a Roberts et al. (1976) water vapor continuum, and the effects of water vapor-carbon dioxide overlap and of a Voigt line-shape correction are included. The Rodgers (1968) formulation is adopted for ozone absorption. Clouds are randomly overlapped. (This paragraph was provided by Kenneth Campana.) This scheme is implemented to conduct tests with old Eta model.
(a) Simple short wave (swscheme) [module_ra_sw.F]The scheme is base on Dudhia (1989) and taken from MM5. It is a simple downward integration of solar flux, accounting for clear-air scattering, water vapor absorption (Lacis and Hansen 1974), and cloud albedo and absorption. It uses look-up tables for clouds from Stephens (1978).
(b) Goddard short wave (gsfcswscheme) [module_ra_gsfcsw.F]This scheme is base on Chou and Suarez (1994).
(c) ETA GFDL short wave (gfdlswscheme) [module_ra_gfdleta.F]
This shortwave radiation is a GFDL version of the Lacis and Hansen (1974) parameterization. Effects of atmospheric water vapor, ozone (both from Lacis and Hansen, 1974) and carbon dioxide (Sasamori, et al., 1972) are employed. Clouds are randomly overlapped. SW calculations are made using a daylight-mean cosine solar zenith angle over the time interval (given in namelist.input). The diurnal cycle is approximated during the hour by weighting SW heating rates and fluxes with the actual cosine zenith angle at each model time-step. (This paragraph was provided by Kenneth Campana.) This scheme is implemented to conduct tests with old Eta model.
(a) Similarity theory (sfclayscheme) [module_bl_sfclay.F]Uses stability functions from Paulson (1970), Dyer and Hicks (1970), and Webb (1970) to compute surface exchange coefficients for heat, moisture, and momentum.
(b) MYJ surface scheme (myjsfcscheme) [module_bl_myjsfc.F]The surface layer scheme (Janjic 1996a, 2002) is based on the similarity theory (Monin and Obukhov, 1954). The scheme includes parameterizations of viscous sublayer. Over water surfaces the viscous sublayer is parameterized explicitly following Janjic (1994). Over land, the effects of the viscous sublayer are taken into account through variable roughness height for temperature and humidity as proposed by Zilitinkevitch (1995). The Beljaars (1994) correction is applied in order to avoid singularities in the case of unstable surface layer and vanishing wind speed. The surface fluxes are computed by an iterative method. (This paragraph was provided by Zavisa Janjic)
(a) Thermal diffusion (slabscheme) [module_bl_slab.F]This is based on the MM5 5-layer soil temperature model. Layers are 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 cm thick. Below these the temperature is fixed at diurnal average. Energy budget includes radiation, sensible, and latent heat flux. It also allows for snow-cover flag.
(b) OSU/MM5 scheme (lsmscheme) [module_bl_lsm.F]Described by Chen and Dudhia (2000). This is a 4-layer soil temperature and moisture model with canopy moisture and snow cover prediction. It includes root zone, and other vegetation effects, drainage, and runoff. Provides sensible and latent heat fluxes to boundary-layer scheme.
(a) MRF (mrfscheme) [module_bl_mrf.F]The scheme is described by Hong and Pan (1996). This uses a so-called countergradient flux for heat and moisture in unstable conditions. It uses enhanced vertical flux coefficients in the PBL, and the PBL height is determined from a critical bulk Richardson number. It handles vertical diffusion with an implicit local scheme, and it is based on local Ri in the free atmosphere.
(b) MYJ (myjpblscheme) [module_bl_myjpbl.F]The parameterization of turbulence in the PBL and in the free atmosphere (Janjic, 1990, 1996b, 2002) represents a nonsingular implementation of the Mellor-Yamada Level 2.5 turbulence closure model (Mellor and Yamada, 1982) through the full range of atmospheric turbulent regimes. In this implementation, an upper limit is imposed on the master length scale. This upper limit depends on TKE and the buoyancy and shear of the driving flow. In the unstable range the functional form of the upper limit is derived from the requirement that the TKE production be nonsingular in the case of growing turbulence. In the stable range the upper limit is derived from the requirement that the ratio of the variance of the vertical velocity deviation and TKE cannot be smaller than that corresponding to the regime of vanishing turbulence. The TKE production/dissipation differential equation is solved iteratively The empirical constants have been revised as well (Janjic, 1996b, 2002). (This paragraph was provided by Zavisa Janjic)
(a) Simple diffusion (diff_opt=1)A simple diffusion is built using K theory, where K is constant. This option comes with the choice of diff_opt =1 in the namelist.input file. The momentum eddy coefficients are khdif for the horizontal and kvdif for the vertical. The heat eddy coefficients are three times of momentum eddy coefficient.
(b) Stress/deformation form (diff_opt=2) [dyn_eh or dyn_em/module_diffusion.F ]The subgrid diffusion equations with stress formulae are derived to match the WRF governing equations (Chen and Dudhia 2000). Three eddy diffusion coefficients are available: constant, function of turbulence kinetic energy, and function of deformation, and the option flag (km_opt) is in the namelist.input file. The constant coefficients (km_opt =1) takes the values of khdif and kvdif as in (a). The eddy coefficients in terms of TKE (km_opt=2) or Smagorinsky (km_opt=3) , as well as the TKE equations, mainly follow ARPS model, Moeng (1984), and Moeng and Wyngaard (1989). This code is newly written for the WRF model. Note that the vertical subgrid diffusion is only called if there is no boundary layer scheme.
3.1 Level 1 - SolverFigure 1: A three-level physics code structure.
3.1 Level 1 - SolverFigure 2: A schematic diagram of the WRF model. 'wrf' is the main program and solve_em is the major subroutine for mass model solver, which calls dynamics and physics. Boxes in dash-line and double-line (individual schemes) represent physics codes.
IV. IMPLEMENTING A NEW PHYSICS SCHEME
This section provides some information about the coding rules of WRF physics, and the procedure of implementing a new physic scheme in detail.
Except for subgrid scale diffusion, each physics scheme has its own module, and the module is named as module_yy_xxx.F. Here yy represents different physics components and it is defined as follows:
ra is for radiation parameterization,bl is for PBL parameterization,cu is for cumulus parameterization, andmp is for microphysics.
Some variables are also named corresponding to different physics components, such as physics tendencies and the frequencies of calling different physics components. As seen in the WRF code, physics tendencies are named as zzzyyTEN (e.g. RTHRATEN, RUBLTEN, RQCCUTEN) where zzz is RU, RV, RTH, RQV, RQC, RQR, etc. STEPyy (e.g. STEPCU, STEPRA, STEPCL) is the frequency, in terms of model time steps, of calling physics.
(Note: the physics tendency arrays will remain constant, and add to the other tendencies, at each model timestep until the physics is called again after STEPxx timesteps. Microphysics and subgrid eddy diffusion have no corresponding STEPyy since they are called every time step. To change the frequencies of calling physics such as radiation, cumulus, and PBL, please go to file namelist.input and modify the values of RADT (for radiation), BLDT (for PBL), and CUDT (for cumulus). They are in the unit of minutes.)
| (a) |
As mentioned
earlier, no common block is allowed in the WRF model if the scheme is to
be considered for the official version. All variables used in subroutines
have to pass through argument lists.
|
| (b) |
FORTRAN 90
is the official language used in the model part and it has some C++ features,
such as pointers, user defined data type, and modules.
|
| (c) |
Before calculating
physics, all variables or decoupled variables (e.g. u and v) have to be
horizontally interpolated to the column of mass fields (A grid) if it is
necessary, but the vertical ones (e.g. w) can be still staggered. This
also means that some calculated physics tendencies (e.g. RUBLTEN and RVBLTEN)
need to be interpolated back to horizontal staggered grid later on. Another
attention has to paid to the vertical index order between your code and
the WRF model. In WRF, kms (smallest number) is the bottom level and kme
(largest number) is the top level. In a use's scheme, if 1 is at the top
level, then you have to reverse the order in the k direction. The following
is the vertical structure of the WRF. Please also see 4.4.a for more
information about indices.
|
kme - H (no data at this level)kme ----- Fkme-1 - Hkme-1 ----- F...kms+2 - Hkms+2 ----- Fkms+1 - Hkms+1 ----- Fkms - H (half level, u, v, w, p, T, q, etc..)kms ----- F (full level, w)
| (a) |
Create a new
cumulus module module_cu_arakawa.F(The
pseudo codes of different physics components are available in Appendix
B in Chen and Dudhia 2000). All subroutines related to the new scheme
should be included inside this module, such as the scheme itself and its
initialization. The scheme-related local constants, which won't be used
in other schemes, have to be placed at the top of the module.
|
| (b) |
Declare a
new package in the file Registry, which
is in the directory Registry. For example,
Package is
a new defined data type. The first line is the declaration of an
existing Kain-Fritsch scheme, and the second bolded line is the declaration
of the new scheme package. In the model, arakawascheme
corresponds to the number of 4 and the string arakawascheme
should
be used to present the scheme itself (examples are given later) instead
of using the number 4. Currently, there are seven different categories
of physics packages defined in the model:
The declaration of the mp_physics is slightly different from the others. For example, the Kessler scheme package in the Registry is defined as:
The fifth
column (moist:qv,qc,qr) contains the moisture fields required in this scheme.
This also implies that only these moisture fields are active (memory is
allocated) and are available for use in the other physics parameterization
schemes, such as cumulus parameterization, radiation, and pbl parameterization.
|
| (c) |
Reassign cu_physics
= 4 in the file namelist.input
in
order to choose the new scheme. After compiling the model, the schemes
corresponding to different numbers can be found in the file module_state_description.F.
The choices of different schemes for different physics components are also
in the namelist.input such as, mp_physics,
ra_lw_physics, ra_sw_physics, bl_sfclay_physics, bl_surface_physics, bl_pbl_physics,
cu_physics. Their definitions are the same as those in the file Registry.
|
| (d) |
Initialize
initial values for the new scheme inside module_physics_init.F
if necessary. Otherwise, skip this step.
The subroutine
arakawainit
should be included inside the module of the new scheme (module_cu_arakawa.F).
As mentioned earlier, the name "ARAKAWASCHEME"
has to be used (with case free) instead of the number, and it spells exactly
the same as the one in the Registry
(the second column of the package declaration).
|
| (e) |
Make the change
in the driver cumulus_driver.F
(microphsics_driver.F,
for microphysics, pbl_driver.F
for PBL, and radiation_driver.F for
radiation).
Again, the
name "ARAKAWASCHEME" should match the
one in the Registry (second column)
you have defined.
|
| (f) | Check physics tendencies currently exist in the file Registry. Create new tendency variables in the Registry if it is necessary. They will show up in the file solve_eh.F/solve_em.F. |
| (g) |
Update physics
tendencies to diffusion tendencies (zzz_tendf)
It is important to
test the existence of any microphysical variables (e.g. IF
(P_Qx .ge. PARAM_FIRST_SCALAR)) before using that particular
microphysical variable and its tendency.
Every physics tendency in the new scheme has to accumulate into the non-advective tendencies such as rt_tendf, moist_tendf, and so on, by means of a series of calls (CALL add_a2a, CAll add_a2c_u, or CALL add_a2c_v). The subroutine add_a2a is used to add the physics tendencies into the non-advective tendencies on the same grid points such as moisture, temperature, and vertical velocity fields. The subroutine add_a2c_u (add_a2c_v) is used to add the u (v) physics tendencies, which is on A grid, to u (v) non-advective tendencies, which is on C grid. Please also read 4.4d and 4.4g for other details. It is also important to know that the P_QV, P_QC, P_QR, P_QI, P_QS, or P_QG have be used instead of numbers (2,3,...). In any case, a loop over microphysical variables is required for any physics scheme. The loop has to run from PARAM_FIRST_SCALAR (not 1) to number of microphysical variables. Again, the num_3d_m (the name could be changed after passing into physics driver) instead of a number has to be used for the number of microphysical variables. (Note: Currently microphysics is treated differently from other physics. The other physics drivers are called before the sound-wave short steps to allow diabatic terms to be used for theta on the short steps. The microphysics driver is called at the end of the time step after all the variables have been updated. This means that the microphysics directly updates the variables and has no associated tendencies. This is done at the end to allow an accurate saturation adjustment, and the diabatic term is saved for the next time-step's short steps as an approximation. [In the future we could separate the saturation adjustment from the rest of the microphysics so that we can have the microphysics treated like the other physics.]) |
| (h) |
Add the new
module into the Makefile which is in
the directory src and modify the dependencies.
|
| (a) | The example codes show three
sets of indices such as
The first
set (ids, ...) refers to domain starting
and ending indices, and should only be used for boundary checks (not often
needed in the physics). The second set (ims, ...)
refers to memory dimensions and are distinct from the first set to enable
distributed memory application. Arrays passed in from the solver are dimensioned
by these indices. The third set (its, ...)
refers to tile dimensions, and differs from the domain dimensions when
there is multiple threading. Local arrays inside the physics generally
need only to be dimensioned by the tile size, e. g. (its:
ite, kts: kte), if the physics routine is called inside a j
loop (do j= jts, jte). All loops should
use these limits for i, j, and k, and oper-ations should not affect array
elements outside these limits.
|
| (b) |
The index
order for WRF is IKJ. Physics code can conform to this by calling the lower
level routines inside a J loop and having local variables dimensioned (i,
k), and then having an inner i-loop allowing vectorization (see XXX2D example
for pbl scheme). Column physics is also allowed but discouraged because
of its usually poor vector performance and non-compliance with the WRF
storage and loop-order standards. It requires local (k) arrays in the physics
routines (XXX1D examples). Array syntax is used in only a few limited situations.
|
| (c) | Note that module_ model_ constants contains many of the basic physical constants. The physics driver uses this module and passes selected constants to the physics routines. It is recommended to use these constants as much as possible, and not to define alternative values inside the physics module. This also applies to the saturation vapor pressure calculation. |
| (d) |
The Registry
can also be used to add variables required at the solver level. For instance,
if you have a cumulus scheme with momentum transport, you will have to
add RUCUTEN and RVCUTEN
to the Registry, and make additions to the routine phy_
cu_ ten. Recall also that momentum tendencies in the physics
are calculated on the A-grid, and so they need to be interpolated back
to the C-grid (e. g. see phy_ bl_ ten)
afterwards.
|
| (e) |
The Registry
can also be used to add species for moisture and chemistry. Moisture variables
are carried in WRF as a 4d array (i, k, j, im) where im denotes species
number. This is general enough to add any number of species. Note that
any new additions in moisture variable will be advected and diffused and
will contribute to total density. The 4d array exists down to the physics
driver level and is separated into 3d moisture arrays such as moist(
ims, kms, jms, P_ QV) by use of the P_ Qx constants in the CALL
from the driver. P_ QV, P_ QC, P_ QR, P_ QI, P_
QS, P_ QG indicate water vapor, cloud water, rain, cloud ice,
snow, and graupel, respectively.
|
| (f) |
The 4d moisture
array is not suitable for number concentration or "moment" variables, but
these can possibly use the chemical scalar array, or we may add a general
scalar array. Turbulent kinetic energy and tracers would also be examples
of scalars that do not contribute to mass.
|
| (g) |
Horizontally
dependent physics such as diffusion has some special considerations. All
operations should be on variables within the tile. They can use values
outside the tile, but it should be ensured that those values are accounted
for in the distributed-memory exchanges of "halo" zones around each patch.
This will need expert consultation for specific cases that go beyond the
halo zones WRF currently has.
|
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